Why children attracted towards 21inch glowing box and action that take place in it? Why children are becoming so violent these days? If we try to find answers to these questions we finds that Televisions a major source to violent, behavior in children Recent study, support this fact. The study also stats that, aggression amongst children and viewing television grow simultaneously.
A kid who watches action scenes or stunt scenes on the Television screen. He try to learn it. He try to copy the same action against his friends by doing this, he achieve popularity amongst his friends.
Some people are trying to fight against this problem. Still many people ignore this problem and hope it will go away. But fact we can't ignore. All studies from allover the world approached towards a common conclusion that, television is the chief source of violent behavior in the children. The effects of violent television viewing are not good. Numbers of cases proved that, children are inspired by to go violent by watching television.
In the USA, a 15 year old boy broken into a cell. He was wearing gloves. He become expert in doing crimes by wearing gloves. When cops caught him and asked him why he was wearing gloves. Then he replyed that, he tearned this thing, on Television "A grave criminal do crimes by wearing gloves and don't leave fingerprints behind", the 15 year old by added. If we take example from india, 3year back there were case, that children from jumped from a multistoveyed building and suffered death, they were influered by a serial 'Shaktimaan".
after such incidents there used to appear a precaution cum warring at the end of the serial.
Sunday, September 30, 2007
Cell phone should be band in School & Colleges
In my opinion cell phone should be band in school & colleges, because it effect the children concentrated towards the study. It also effect the health of the children. Previously it was banded only under 16 years student. But recently news came it is band for the every student and faculty who have inside the campus. The state government will ban the use of cell phones in school and pre university colleges from October 5, said primary and secondary Education minister.
But there is a difficulty in enforcing the order, so now,the ban will be applicable to all students up to primary level irrespective of their age he stated. This measure comes in wake of several studies which pointed out the adverse effect of radiation from mobile phones on the IQ level of children. The draft rules are being formed at present. 30 -40 percent of students use cell phone in colleges.
Cell phones, like many other electronic devices, can be a distraction. Students need to learn when and where a cell phone can be appropriate. It is rude to the presenter when some person has a cell phone ringing during his or her presentation. Students are often easily distracted as it is, and a cell phone going off in a classroom can end the learning process as effectively as any fire drill. This is one of those life lessons we can teach them. Technology is a wonderful and useful tool when used properly. 1 can think of circumstances where a student needs to be on call during school. That is where the office and secretaries come in.
But there is a difficulty in enforcing the order, so now,the ban will be applicable to all students up to primary level irrespective of their age he stated. This measure comes in wake of several studies which pointed out the adverse effect of radiation from mobile phones on the IQ level of children. The draft rules are being formed at present. 30 -40 percent of students use cell phone in colleges.
Cell phones, like many other electronic devices, can be a distraction. Students need to learn when and where a cell phone can be appropriate. It is rude to the presenter when some person has a cell phone ringing during his or her presentation. Students are often easily distracted as it is, and a cell phone going off in a classroom can end the learning process as effectively as any fire drill. This is one of those life lessons we can teach them. Technology is a wonderful and useful tool when used properly. 1 can think of circumstances where a student needs to be on call during school. That is where the office and secretaries come in.
Sunday, September 23, 2007
India beat Australia In Semi Final
Yesterday India beat Australia by 15 run it was a exciting match between two team. India win the toss and elected to bat. But openers Virender Sehwag (9) and Gautam Gambhir (24) could not give him the start he was expecting. Australian attack, Sehwag smacked Mitchell Johnson's first ball for a four but then departed to the next, offering a simple catch to Adam Gilchrist.Uthappa got an early life on 5, when he unconvincingly sliced Stuart Clark and Michael Clarke, at backward point, got his fingers on the ball but could not hold on to it.Johnson, however, ensured that another wicket was not far away as he got Gambhir to pull one to Brad Hodge, who held a well-judged catch.Comeback man Yuvraj opened his account by sending Clark over the deep square leg boundary for maximum to give an idea about what was on the cards.He and Uthappa then went hard after the Australians to make up for the slow start and suddenly it started raining fours and sixes. The 11th over produced 19 runs for India, Andrew Symonds being the bowler, and then it was Clark's turn to receive some harsh treatment in the 14th over, which yielded 21 runs. Yuvraj, in the process, raced to a 21-ball half-century, pulling Clark for a breathtaking six.Not to be left behind, Uthappa hit Johnson for successive sixes in the 15th over but was run-out in the next as India lost their third wicket for 125. Along with Yuvraj, Uthappa forged an 84-run stand in just 6.3 overs to pull India out of trouble.
Australian started there innings remarkable fashion If S. Sreesanth did not bowled out Mathew Hayden, India will not see in Final and no Indians will dance last night joyfully and everyone should have gone to sleep by cursing the Indian faith. But no one is appreciating him. . When Sreesanth made a platform only these two bowlers bowled well. They were punishing well by Mathew Hayden. the match was obviously going to Australian side when they need only 55 runs from 33 balls with 8 wickets in hand. See the bowling of Sreesanth. S Sreesanth 4 1 12 2 0 0 3.00 - 4 overs, 1 maiden, 12 runs & 2 wickets, no wide, no no ball and so aggressive.. Gilchrist & Hayden wicket and both are bowled out. Also don't forget the match against Pakistan.. when we bowled out them, Sreesanth bowled the last over and made our team to Tie with them.Actually you can't give one player credit it is team members effected.
Australian started there innings remarkable fashion If S. Sreesanth did not bowled out Mathew Hayden, India will not see in Final and no Indians will dance last night joyfully and everyone should have gone to sleep by cursing the Indian faith. But no one is appreciating him. . When Sreesanth made a platform only these two bowlers bowled well. They were punishing well by Mathew Hayden. the match was obviously going to Australian side when they need only 55 runs from 33 balls with 8 wickets in hand. See the bowling of Sreesanth. S Sreesanth 4 1 12 2 0 0 3.00 - 4 overs, 1 maiden, 12 runs & 2 wickets, no wide, no no ball and so aggressive.. Gilchrist & Hayden wicket and both are bowled out. Also don't forget the match against Pakistan.. when we bowled out them, Sreesanth bowled the last over and made our team to Tie with them.Actually you can't give one player credit it is team members effected.
Sorting
Sorting
In data Structure there are so many kind of sorting available. Bubble sort,selection sort, insertion sort,quick, heap, shell and merge sort.
Sorting basically arrange the element in ascending or descending order.
All the sorting method, i like bubble sort. In this method to arrange element in ascending order to begin with the other element is compared with the element then they are interchanged. Then the 1st element is compared with2nd element, if it is found to be greater then they are interchanged this way all the elements is compared with next element and interchanged.
Selection sort: This method is simplest, to sort the data in ascending order, the other element is compared with all the elements if the other elements is found to be greater then the compared element then they are interchanged.
Quick sort: Quick sort is faster then any of the sorting method. The basic strategy of quick sort is to divide and conquer.
Insertion sort: Insertion sort is used when a particular element inserted at appropriate position. In this method 1st element compare with other element. In the second step 2nd element is compared with the other and 1st element. Every step an element is compared with all elements before inserted it.
Merge sort: merging means combining two sorted lists into one sorted list for this the elements from both sorted lists are compared. The smaller of both the elements is then sorted in the third array. The sorting is completed when all the elements from both the lists are placed in the third list.
Tuesday, September 18, 2007
Ganesh Chaturthi
One of the most popular Gods in India, lord Ganesh or Ganpati is considered a symbol of wisdom and a bringer of good luck. It is said that his elephant head epitomises everything related to wisdom-small shrewd eyes, long ears that miss nothing, a long nose that can smell out anything fight and his vehicle, a mouse, reflects how much importance a wise man gives to the smallest of life forms. Ganesh is remembered on chauth or chaturthi, the 4th day of every month of the Hindu calendered, but most of all on Ganesh Chaturthi which is celebrated as his birthday. Ladoos are distributed on the day-by tradition ladoos were placed in different corners of the house and eaten before the meal. Milk is offered to idols of lord Ganesh at home and at temples, and Ganesh puja is performed at all temples and hi-house prayer rooms.
Ganesh Chaturthi became a major festival of Maharashtra, where thousands of gigantic idols of lord Ganesh are immersed by huge processions of worshipers shouting, Ganpati Bapa Morya, in the Arabian sea and rivers of the state. The festival has now gained popularity all over India, with celebrations in south India and Gujarat being no less spectacular than those of Maharashtra.
Ganesh Chaturthi became a major festival of Maharashtra, where thousands of gigantic idols of lord Ganesh are immersed by huge processions of worshipers shouting, Ganpati Bapa Morya, in the Arabian sea and rivers of the state. The festival has now gained popularity all over India, with celebrations in south India and Gujarat being no less spectacular than those of Maharashtra.
10-run win for New Zealand over India
It was a good match yesterday, Indians are getting a hang of Twenty20. Its actually not Chaddi Cricket like what our Expert Navjot Singh Sidhu says. This is fast stuff. There is a difference in approach between T20 and 50 over match. T20 is not just slogging and bane for bowlers. Daniel Vettori showed us yesterday.
Vettori is not a big turner of the ball not can be compared to the likes of Warne, Murali, Kumble, Prasanna, Chandra etc. He has simple but clever variations. We did struggle. T20 does not give you time to settle get your eye in etc etc. You have to score from the word go, so a sound technique is important. Our fast bowlers were not penetrative. They looked dull. Field placements were not great either!!!T20 challenges everyone cos you gotta take quick decisions, if something goes wrong, the time to react and rectify is close to none. Our batsmen (even batsmen from other countries were no better) should go for proper cricket shots than go for slog from ball 1. On the whole this is a learning curve for Team India. It sounds funny because this is the world cup. But Team India has prepared so well by playing just 1 T20 match prior to T20WC.Even though its 20 overs you need some skill and smartness to win. Because T20 does not give many chances. We missed a few yesterday. Hope the Team learns from this and hopefully wins the next couple of matches to progress to the next level.
Surprised to see, Dhoni playing a sheet anchor role in game against Newzealand.
There something very terrible with his MINDSET nowadays. The same attitude was seen with England one dayers and surprisingly, he continued it in 20-20 cricket. This format (20-20) is not made for sheet anchor role specially when you are chasing a mammoth total of 191 (as per Indian standards).
We lost the game when Dhoni contended himself with 1 ball 1 run. Had been some hitting by him, the others would have rallied around him. Very unfortunately, Dhoni was rallying around others to build up his innings.
20-20 is not about playing sheet anchor, its about hitting one hard hit (AT LEAST) one over and then rotate, if needed. That never came in the middle overs, Dhoni keep on playing sheet anchor creating pressure on the other hand, and we lost it.
I beg to differ from Dhoni that bowlers let him down. I think both are equally responsible. Our bowlers are never been good at death. Agarkar (MOST MINDLESS CRICKETER YOU WILL EVER SEE), Sreesanth (MORE IN TANTRUM AND MEDIA HYPE THAN IN DELIVERABLES) and Yuvraj (SHORT IN COFIDENCE BOTH IN BOWLING AND BATTING) were not good enough. Irfan would been still better with his lack of pace. Similarly, KARTHIK is not made for 20-20.
Vettori is not a big turner of the ball not can be compared to the likes of Warne, Murali, Kumble, Prasanna, Chandra etc. He has simple but clever variations. We did struggle. T20 does not give you time to settle get your eye in etc etc. You have to score from the word go, so a sound technique is important. Our fast bowlers were not penetrative. They looked dull. Field placements were not great either!!!T20 challenges everyone cos you gotta take quick decisions, if something goes wrong, the time to react and rectify is close to none. Our batsmen (even batsmen from other countries were no better) should go for proper cricket shots than go for slog from ball 1. On the whole this is a learning curve for Team India. It sounds funny because this is the world cup. But Team India has prepared so well by playing just 1 T20 match prior to T20WC.Even though its 20 overs you need some skill and smartness to win. Because T20 does not give many chances. We missed a few yesterday. Hope the Team learns from this and hopefully wins the next couple of matches to progress to the next level.
Surprised to see, Dhoni playing a sheet anchor role in game against Newzealand.
There something very terrible with his MINDSET nowadays. The same attitude was seen with England one dayers and surprisingly, he continued it in 20-20 cricket. This format (20-20) is not made for sheet anchor role specially when you are chasing a mammoth total of 191 (as per Indian standards).
We lost the game when Dhoni contended himself with 1 ball 1 run. Had been some hitting by him, the others would have rallied around him. Very unfortunately, Dhoni was rallying around others to build up his innings.
20-20 is not about playing sheet anchor, its about hitting one hard hit (AT LEAST) one over and then rotate, if needed. That never came in the middle overs, Dhoni keep on playing sheet anchor creating pressure on the other hand, and we lost it.
I beg to differ from Dhoni that bowlers let him down. I think both are equally responsible. Our bowlers are never been good at death. Agarkar (MOST MINDLESS CRICKETER YOU WILL EVER SEE), Sreesanth (MORE IN TANTRUM AND MEDIA HYPE THAN IN DELIVERABLES) and Yuvraj (SHORT IN COFIDENCE BOTH IN BOWLING AND BATTING) were not good enough. Irfan would been still better with his lack of pace. Similarly, KARTHIK is not made for 20-20.
Tuesday, September 11, 2007
Noise pollution
What is Sound Pollution?
Noise Pollution or Sound Pollution is when the exposure of people or animals to levels of sound that are annoying, stressful, or damaging to the ears. Although loud and frightening sounds are part of nature, only in recent centuries has much of the world become urban, industrial, and chronically noisy. The machines used in factories make noise throughout the day, and this disturbs the peaceful atmosphere in the vicinity, as machines used without proper covering lead to sound pollution. Noise is one of the most pervasive pollution in America.
How is Sound Pollution Measured?
Noise intensity is measured in decibel units. The decibel scale is logarithmic; each 10-decibel increase represents a tenfold increase in noise intensity.
What Causes Sound Pollution?Most noise pollution comes from machines, especially automobiles, trucks, and aircraft. Construction equipment, farm machines, and the din of machinery inside factories can be dangerously loud. Some home appliances, shop tools, lawnmowers, and leaf blowers can also be noisy, as are guns, firecrackers, and some toys. Even music, when played at very high volume, particularly through personal headphones, is as damaging to the ears as a roaring chain saw.
What is the danger for whales ?
In spite of what Jacques Cousteau has said, the oceans are a long way from being a "world of silence". The wind, tectonic plate movement, and whale song compose a complex web of sound. But for fifty years now, human activities have completely transformed this sound web. Biologists have coined the term "noise pollution" and are worried about what effects it may have on marine mammals. Why ? One reason is that the oceans have become very noisy, and the level of noise is on the increase. Another reason is that marine mammals depend on sound in order to find their bearings as well as to feed, reproduce, and socialise. First there was hunting, then habitat loss and chemical contamination.
Does noise also represent a serious threat to whales ?
Noisy oceans....
Shipping, the mining and petroleum industries, military activities, acoustic thermometry, and fisheries all contribute to the relentless increase in sound levels in the oceans.
With globalisation, the merchant fleet has doubled in size and quadrupled in tonnage. All of these ships (tankers, tug-boats, freighters, ice-breakers, etc.) fill every nook and cranny of the seas with a constant rumbling in the frequency band around 500 Hz.
Noise Pollution or Sound Pollution is when the exposure of people or animals to levels of sound that are annoying, stressful, or damaging to the ears. Although loud and frightening sounds are part of nature, only in recent centuries has much of the world become urban, industrial, and chronically noisy. The machines used in factories make noise throughout the day, and this disturbs the peaceful atmosphere in the vicinity, as machines used without proper covering lead to sound pollution. Noise is one of the most pervasive pollution in America.
How is Sound Pollution Measured?
Noise intensity is measured in decibel units. The decibel scale is logarithmic; each 10-decibel increase represents a tenfold increase in noise intensity.
What Causes Sound Pollution?Most noise pollution comes from machines, especially automobiles, trucks, and aircraft. Construction equipment, farm machines, and the din of machinery inside factories can be dangerously loud. Some home appliances, shop tools, lawnmowers, and leaf blowers can also be noisy, as are guns, firecrackers, and some toys. Even music, when played at very high volume, particularly through personal headphones, is as damaging to the ears as a roaring chain saw.
What is the danger for whales ?
In spite of what Jacques Cousteau has said, the oceans are a long way from being a "world of silence". The wind, tectonic plate movement, and whale song compose a complex web of sound. But for fifty years now, human activities have completely transformed this sound web. Biologists have coined the term "noise pollution" and are worried about what effects it may have on marine mammals. Why ? One reason is that the oceans have become very noisy, and the level of noise is on the increase. Another reason is that marine mammals depend on sound in order to find their bearings as well as to feed, reproduce, and socialise. First there was hunting, then habitat loss and chemical contamination.
Does noise also represent a serious threat to whales ?
Noisy oceans....
Shipping, the mining and petroleum industries, military activities, acoustic thermometry, and fisheries all contribute to the relentless increase in sound levels in the oceans.
With globalisation, the merchant fleet has doubled in size and quadrupled in tonnage. All of these ships (tankers, tug-boats, freighters, ice-breakers, etc.) fill every nook and cranny of the seas with a constant rumbling in the frequency band around 500 Hz.
Twenty-20 Cricket
1 Playing Conditions
The Playing Conditions for First Class Cricket as they relate to matches in The County Championship will apply, with the following exceptions
2 Duration
The matches will consist of one innings per side, each innings being limited to a maximum of 20 overs. Two days will be allocated for Finals Day in case of weather interference. There will be no reserve day for Group League matches.
3 Hours of Play and Intervals
In all matches without a Reserve Day (Group League matches and quarter-finals) Standard Scheduled Start and Cessation Times are as
Interval Between Innings
If the innings of the team batting first is completed prior to the scheduled time for the Interval, the Interval shall take place immediately and the Innings of the team batting second will commence correspondingly earlier. In circumstances where the side bowling first has not
completed the allotted number of overs by the scheduled or re-scheduled cessation time for the first innings, the umpires shall reduce the length of the interval by the amount of time that the first innings overran.The minimum time for the interval will be 10 minutes.
On all occasions where play is delayed or interrupted the Umpires will reduce the length of the Interval to 10minutes.
Intervals for Drinks No drinks intervals are permitted.
4 The Ball
As for Championship Playing Conditions except that white Kookaburra cricket balls will be used. One new ball shall be used for each innings.
Number of Overs Per Bowler
No bowler may bowl more than four overs, however in a delayed start or interrupted match, where the overs arereduced for both sides or for the side bowling second, no bowler may bowl more than one-fifth of the total overs allowed (unless such a number has been exceeded before the interruption), except that where the total overs are not divisible by five, an additional over shall be allowed to the minimum number of bowlers necessary to make up the balance. - e.g. after 8 overs, rain interrupts play and the innings is reduced to 12 overs. Both opening bowlers have bowled 4 overs. Two bowlers can bowl 3 overs and three bowlers can bowl 2. Bowlers 1 and 2 have already exceeded this limit. They count as the two bowlers who were allowed the extra over (3 as opposed to 2) and so any other bowlers are
limited to 2 overs. When an interruption occurs mid-over and on resumption the bowler has exceeded the new maximum allocation, he will be allowed to finish the incompleted
over. In the event of a bowler breaking down and being unable to complete an over, the remaining balls will be bowled by another bowler. Such part of an over will count as a
full over only in so far as each bowler's limit is concerned. The number of overs bowled by each individual bowler shall be indicated on the scoreboard from the commencement of an innings.
5 Covering
Championship Playing Condition 17 applies except that in Note (a) to 17.1.3, the time for the removal of covers shall be at the Groundsman's discretion.
6 Declarations
Law 14 will not apply in this competition. The Captain of the batting side may not declare his innings closed at any time during the course of a match.
7 No Ball - Penalty
Law 24.12 will apply except that the penalty for a No ball will be 2 runs.
8 Free Hit after a Foot Fault No Ball
In addition to 10 above, the delivery following a no ball called for a foot fault (Law 24.5) shall be a free hit for whichever batsman is facing it. If the delivery for the free hit is not a legitimate delivery (any kind of no ball or a wide ball), then the next delivery will become a free hit
for whichever batsman is facing it. For any free hit, the striker can be dismissed only
under the circumstances that apply for a no ball, even if the delivery for the free hit is called wide ball. Field changes are permitted for free hit deliveries.
9 Wide Ball
In addition to Law 25 and in place of Championship Playing Condition 26 the following will apply Umpires are instructed to apply a very strict and consistent interpretation in regard to this Law in order to prevent negative bowling wide of the wicket. A penalty of one run shall be scored. This penalty shall stand in addition to any other runs which are scored orawarded.
The Playing Conditions for First Class Cricket as they relate to matches in The County Championship will apply, with the following exceptions
2 Duration
The matches will consist of one innings per side, each innings being limited to a maximum of 20 overs. Two days will be allocated for Finals Day in case of weather interference. There will be no reserve day for Group League matches.
3 Hours of Play and Intervals
In all matches without a Reserve Day (Group League matches and quarter-finals) Standard Scheduled Start and Cessation Times are as
Interval Between Innings
If the innings of the team batting first is completed prior to the scheduled time for the Interval, the Interval shall take place immediately and the Innings of the team batting second will commence correspondingly earlier. In circumstances where the side bowling first has not
completed the allotted number of overs by the scheduled or re-scheduled cessation time for the first innings, the umpires shall reduce the length of the interval by the amount of time that the first innings overran.The minimum time for the interval will be 10 minutes.
On all occasions where play is delayed or interrupted the Umpires will reduce the length of the Interval to 10minutes.
Intervals for Drinks No drinks intervals are permitted.
4 The Ball
As for Championship Playing Conditions except that white Kookaburra cricket balls will be used. One new ball shall be used for each innings.
Number of Overs Per Bowler
No bowler may bowl more than four overs, however in a delayed start or interrupted match, where the overs arereduced for both sides or for the side bowling second, no bowler may bowl more than one-fifth of the total overs allowed (unless such a number has been exceeded before the interruption), except that where the total overs are not divisible by five, an additional over shall be allowed to the minimum number of bowlers necessary to make up the balance. - e.g. after 8 overs, rain interrupts play and the innings is reduced to 12 overs. Both opening bowlers have bowled 4 overs. Two bowlers can bowl 3 overs and three bowlers can bowl 2. Bowlers 1 and 2 have already exceeded this limit. They count as the two bowlers who were allowed the extra over (3 as opposed to 2) and so any other bowlers are
limited to 2 overs. When an interruption occurs mid-over and on resumption the bowler has exceeded the new maximum allocation, he will be allowed to finish the incompleted
over. In the event of a bowler breaking down and being unable to complete an over, the remaining balls will be bowled by another bowler. Such part of an over will count as a
full over only in so far as each bowler's limit is concerned. The number of overs bowled by each individual bowler shall be indicated on the scoreboard from the commencement of an innings.
5 Covering
Championship Playing Condition 17 applies except that in Note (a) to 17.1.3, the time for the removal of covers shall be at the Groundsman's discretion.
6 Declarations
Law 14 will not apply in this competition. The Captain of the batting side may not declare his innings closed at any time during the course of a match.
7 No Ball - Penalty
Law 24.12 will apply except that the penalty for a No ball will be 2 runs.
8 Free Hit after a Foot Fault No Ball
In addition to 10 above, the delivery following a no ball called for a foot fault (Law 24.5) shall be a free hit for whichever batsman is facing it. If the delivery for the free hit is not a legitimate delivery (any kind of no ball or a wide ball), then the next delivery will become a free hit
for whichever batsman is facing it. For any free hit, the striker can be dismissed only
under the circumstances that apply for a no ball, even if the delivery for the free hit is called wide ball. Field changes are permitted for free hit deliveries.
9 Wide Ball
In addition to Law 25 and in place of Championship Playing Condition 26 the following will apply Umpires are instructed to apply a very strict and consistent interpretation in regard to this Law in order to prevent negative bowling wide of the wicket. A penalty of one run shall be scored. This penalty shall stand in addition to any other runs which are scored orawarded.
Saturday, September 1, 2007
The Rules of Cricket Continue.........
Law 2
(Substitutes and runners; batsman or fielder leaving the field; batsman retiring; batsman commencing innings)
1. Substitutes and runners
(a) If the umpires are satisfied that a player has been injured or become ill after the nomination of the players, they shall allow that player to have(i) a substitute acting instead of him in the field.(ii) a runner when batting.Any injury or illness that occurs at any time after the nomination of the players until the conclusion of the match shall be allowable, irrespective of whether play is in progress or not.
(b) The umpires shall have discretion, for other wholly acceptable reasons, to allow a substitute for a fielder, or a runner for a batsman, at the start of the match or at any subsequent time.
(c) A player wishing to change his shirt, boots, etc. must leave the field to do so. No substitute shall be allowed for him.
2. Objection to substitutesThe opposing captain shall have no right of objection to any player acting as a substitute on the field, nor as to where the substitute shall field. However, no substitute shall act as wicket-keeper.
3. Restrictions on the role of substitutesA substitute shall not be allowed to bat or bowl nor to act as wicket-keeper or as captain on the field of play.
4. A player for whom a substitute has actedA player is allowed to bat, bowl or field even though a substitute has previously acted for him.
5. Fielder absent or leaving the fieldIf a fielder fails to take the field with his side at the start of the match or at any later time, or leaves the field during a session of play.
Scoring runs
1. A runThe score shall be reckoned by runs. A run is scored
(a) so often as the batsmen, at any time while the ball is in play, have crossed and made good their ground from end to end
b) when a boundary is scored.
2. Runs disallowedNotwithstanding 1 above, or any other provisions elsewhere in the Laws, the scoring of runs or awarding of penalties will be subject to any disallowance of runs provided for within the Laws that may be applicable.
(Substitutes and runners; batsman or fielder leaving the field; batsman retiring; batsman commencing innings)
1. Substitutes and runners
(a) If the umpires are satisfied that a player has been injured or become ill after the nomination of the players, they shall allow that player to have(i) a substitute acting instead of him in the field.(ii) a runner when batting.Any injury or illness that occurs at any time after the nomination of the players until the conclusion of the match shall be allowable, irrespective of whether play is in progress or not.
(b) The umpires shall have discretion, for other wholly acceptable reasons, to allow a substitute for a fielder, or a runner for a batsman, at the start of the match or at any subsequent time.
(c) A player wishing to change his shirt, boots, etc. must leave the field to do so. No substitute shall be allowed for him.
2. Objection to substitutesThe opposing captain shall have no right of objection to any player acting as a substitute on the field, nor as to where the substitute shall field. However, no substitute shall act as wicket-keeper.
3. Restrictions on the role of substitutesA substitute shall not be allowed to bat or bowl nor to act as wicket-keeper or as captain on the field of play.
4. A player for whom a substitute has actedA player is allowed to bat, bowl or field even though a substitute has previously acted for him.
5. Fielder absent or leaving the fieldIf a fielder fails to take the field with his side at the start of the match or at any later time, or leaves the field during a session of play.
Scoring runs
1. A runThe score shall be reckoned by runs. A run is scored
(a) so often as the batsmen, at any time while the ball is in play, have crossed and made good their ground from end to end
b) when a boundary is scored.
2. Runs disallowedNotwithstanding 1 above, or any other provisions elsewhere in the Laws, the scoring of runs or awarding of penalties will be subject to any disallowance of runs provided for within the Laws that may be applicable.
Air Pollution
Air pollution is a chemical, particulate matter, or biological agent that modifies the natural characteristics of the atmosphere. The atmosphere is a complex, dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the Earth's ecosystems.
Worldwide air pollution is responsible for large numbers of deaths and cases of disease. While major stationary sources are often identified with air pollution, the greatest source of emissions is actually mobile sources, mainly automobiles. Gases such as carbon dioxide, which contribute to global warming, have recently gained recognition as pollutants by some scientists. Others recognize the gas as being essential to life, and therefore incapable of being classed as a pollutant.
There are many substances in the air which may impair the health of plants and animals (including humans), or reduce visibility. These arise both from natural processes and human activity. Substances not naturally found in the air or at greater concentrations or in different locations from usual are referred to as 'pollutants'.
Pollutants can be classified as either primary or secondary. Primary pollutants are substances directly produced by a process, such as ash from a volcanic eruption or the carbon monoxide gas from a motor vehicle exhaust.
Secondary pollutants are not emitted. Rather, they form in the air when primary pollutants react or interact. An important example of a secondary pollutant is ground level ozone - one of the many secondary pollutants that make up photochemical smog.
Note that some pollutants may be both primary and secondary: that is, they are both emitted directly and formed from other primary pollutants.
Major primary pollutants produced by human activity include:
Sulfur oxides (SOx) especially sulfur dioxide
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) especially nitrogen dioxide
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Carbon dioxide (CO2), a greenhouse gas
Health effects
The World Health Organization thinks that 4.6 million people die each year from causes directly attributable to air pollution. Many of these mortalities are attributable to indoor air pollution. Worldwide more deaths per year are linked to air pollution than to automobile accidents. Published in 2005 suggests that 310,000 Europeans die from air pollution annually. Direct causes of air pollution related deaths include asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, lung and heart diseases, and respiratory allergies. The estimates that a proposed set of changes in diesel engine technology (Tier 2) could result in 12,000 fewer premature mortalities, 15,000 fewer heart attacks, 6,000 fewer emergency room visits by children with asthma, and 8,900 fewer respiratory-related hospital admissions each year in the United States.
Worldwide air pollution is responsible for large numbers of deaths and cases of disease. While major stationary sources are often identified with air pollution, the greatest source of emissions is actually mobile sources, mainly automobiles. Gases such as carbon dioxide, which contribute to global warming, have recently gained recognition as pollutants by some scientists. Others recognize the gas as being essential to life, and therefore incapable of being classed as a pollutant.
There are many substances in the air which may impair the health of plants and animals (including humans), or reduce visibility. These arise both from natural processes and human activity. Substances not naturally found in the air or at greater concentrations or in different locations from usual are referred to as 'pollutants'.
Pollutants can be classified as either primary or secondary. Primary pollutants are substances directly produced by a process, such as ash from a volcanic eruption or the carbon monoxide gas from a motor vehicle exhaust.
Secondary pollutants are not emitted. Rather, they form in the air when primary pollutants react or interact. An important example of a secondary pollutant is ground level ozone - one of the many secondary pollutants that make up photochemical smog.
Note that some pollutants may be both primary and secondary: that is, they are both emitted directly and formed from other primary pollutants.
Major primary pollutants produced by human activity include:
Sulfur oxides (SOx) especially sulfur dioxide
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) especially nitrogen dioxide
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Carbon dioxide (CO2), a greenhouse gas
Health effects
The World Health Organization thinks that 4.6 million people die each year from causes directly attributable to air pollution. Many of these mortalities are attributable to indoor air pollution. Worldwide more deaths per year are linked to air pollution than to automobile accidents. Published in 2005 suggests that 310,000 Europeans die from air pollution annually. Direct causes of air pollution related deaths include asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, lung and heart diseases, and respiratory allergies. The estimates that a proposed set of changes in diesel engine technology (Tier 2) could result in 12,000 fewer premature mortalities, 15,000 fewer heart attacks, 6,000 fewer emergency room visits by children with asthma, and 8,900 fewer respiratory-related hospital admissions each year in the United States.
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